tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61515096144183722742024-03-13T08:37:27.867-07:00Safe Drinking Water Everywhere Through Inspired Biomimicry and InnovationTo solve our Water Crisis, we need innovations that increase FRESHWATER supply while increasing sustainability and resilience of Nature's ecosystems --- We cannot just rely on using less water --- AIR can be a new source of free fresh drinking water everywhere on Earth. As we are not likely to ever have unlimited cheap power, this blog focuses on water-in-air and on insights gained from the world of humans, plants, animals & insects to engineer a BIOLOGICAL way to EXTRACT WATER FROM AIRAjay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.comBlogger147125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-5430678176801668342014-07-12T10:53:00.000-07:002014-07-16T15:38:23.894-07:00Is Access to Safe Water a Human Right?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The world thinks so and states so.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Article 31 of the UN's </span><i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> reads:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--4b9wRwbKTs/U8awOvh8huI/AAAAAAAACX8/hk7fpbP3gFQ/s1600/article+31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--4b9wRwbKTs/U8awOvh8huI/AAAAAAAACX8/hk7fpbP3gFQ/s1600/article+31.jpg" height="160" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - water-sprouts.blogspot.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20.020000457763672px;"><i>Everyone has the right to clean and accessible water, adequate for the health and well-being of the individual and family, and no one shall be deprived of such access or quality of water due to individual economic circumstance.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20.020000457763672px;"><b>Detroit's Cuts Off Water Supply</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">City of Detroit's <i>Water & Sewage Department</i> has started shutting off water for households who have not paid their water bill. As many as 3000 in April 2014 and 4500 in May 2014 customers are affected and have no water supply to their homes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;"><b>The UN: This may be a Human Rights Violation</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">The UN has called out this action by the City of Detroit as a Human Rights violation. According to a UN spokesman shutting off water to <i>people who cannot afford to pay</i> is a human rights violation. Water can be shutoff for only those people who are able to pay but have not paid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;"><b>How did Access to Water become a Right?</b></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-os5WzJqQDBg/U8avO6A_wII/AAAAAAAACX0/ROMManzsEFY/s1600/Human+Right.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-os5WzJqQDBg/U8avO6A_wII/AAAAAAAACX0/ROMManzsEFY/s1600/Human+Right.jpg" height="200" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - right2water.eu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">As history shows, the rights of the global public have increased over time with the increases enshrined in laws and regulations.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vw7yJm-J4x0/U8a2PXZeS4I/AAAAAAAACYM/baH3S0Nhqeg/s1600/john+locke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vw7yJm-J4x0/U8a2PXZeS4I/AAAAAAAACYM/baH3S0Nhqeg/s1600/john+locke.jpg" height="200" width="155" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">John Locke<br />Source - en.wikipeddia.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">- In much of history, only a privileged few (royalty, leaders and very few others) were seen as deserving of rights; the view that everyone has some inalienable rights was held by an insignificant minority.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">- John Locke (1632-1704) was probably the first person to publicly state that humans had some "natural" rights. In his day, his statement was interpreted as applying only to European men.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LfSMl9_oIk0/U8a35fQAScI/AAAAAAAACYY/vzRTjUKyXnc/s1600/voltaire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LfSMl9_oIk0/U8a35fQAScI/AAAAAAAACYY/vzRTjUKyXnc/s1600/voltaire.jpg" height="200" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Voltaire <span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">(François-Marie Arouet)</span><br />Source - en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">- In the 18th century, Voltaire began advocating for rights that primarily addressed "civil liberties". His arguments found support in European society that was starting to question traditional institutions, customs and morals because they had begun to recognize that much of progress could be attributed to the use of "reason" and "freedoms for </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">individuals."</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gMcYfQDgcwQ/U8a5rAS1c6I/AAAAAAAACYk/ivtfVkQnglM/s1600/us+constitution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gMcYfQDgcwQ/U8a5rAS1c6I/AAAAAAAACYk/ivtfVkQnglM/s1600/us+constitution.jpg" height="127" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">US Constitution<br />Source - news.yale.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">- The US Constitution (adopted in 1789) and the addition of the Bill of Rights (1791) expanded and institutionalized the idea and universality of the concept of Human Rights. It was still, however, up to governments to decide how many right and to whom what "rights" were to be provided.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RUKP34neRmM/U8a7cxmLUEI/AAAAAAAACYw/8x42lNXNteQ/s1600/nurenberg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RUKP34neRmM/U8a7cxmLUEI/AAAAAAAACYw/8x42lNXNteQ/s1600/nurenberg.jpg" height="162" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">The Nurenberg Trials<br />Source - commons.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- World War II and the atrocities by the Nazis on their own citizens took the issue of human rights away from individual governments and placed it in the hands of the international community. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">- </span><span style="background-color: white;">On December 10, 1948, the U.N. General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20.020000457763672px;">Eventually the UN wrote Article 31 that makes Access to Safe Water a human right for every person regardless of where they live.</span></span></div>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-80911888704401582812014-04-26T21:10:00.000-07:002014-05-01T22:41:06.405-07:00Why Water from Indigenous Sources?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the very beginning, people lived next to water sources and when the water source could not sustain the number of humans, either the humans moved or something happened to the weak and the old that brought their numbers down.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Migration out of Africa</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OMv1-06jMa8/U2Mdjhf7XHI/AAAAAAAACU0/XtdkYaNeT7Y/s1600/genoprojecthumanmigrationmap_print.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OMv1-06jMa8/U2Mdjhf7XHI/AAAAAAAACU0/XtdkYaNeT7Y/s1600/genoprojecthumanmigrationmap_print.jpg" height="285" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Human Migration from Africa<br />Source: phys.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">While no historical record exists of human migration out of Africa, scientists have tracked human migration by studying mtDNA and mutations of mtDNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is thought likely that when water and food shortages occurred, humans learned from animal migrations and may have literally followed heard movements in search of water and food.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As the accompanying map shows, eventually, human migration populated all of the continents, except the inhospitable polar regions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Migration Today</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xf3hHwWGpPg/U2MoWxf8F0I/AAAAAAAACVc/BUAvCXNe5rg/s1600/city+growth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xf3hHwWGpPg/U2MoWxf8F0I/AAAAAAAACVc/BUAvCXNe5rg/s1600/city+growth.jpg" height="289" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Growth in City Population<br />Source - newgeography.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each week about a million people move from the country into a city. Today about 50% of human population lives in cities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By 2050, nearly 70% of the then human population will reside in cities. This will put enormous pressure on the services and supplies infrastructure of every city.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Supply to cities</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yyIC8lzqQak/U2Mj2yDvkMI/AAAAAAAACVE/zZiy2RjAenM/s1600/aqueduct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yyIC8lzqQak/U2Mj2yDvkMI/AAAAAAAACVE/zZiy2RjAenM/s1600/aqueduct.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Aqueduct<br />Source - pbs.org</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rXSY54psnUw/U2MksqoO7cI/AAAAAAAACVQ/7A-cqM_WmPM/s1600/pipeline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rXSY54psnUw/U2MksqoO7cI/AAAAAAAACVQ/7A-cqM_WmPM/s1600/pipeline.jpg" height="163" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Piping<br />Source - dreamstim.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pipelines, canals, aqueducts are all ways we have perfected to bring water from far distances to a city. But as cities grow, every one of these water transportation choices will need expansion or replacement with cost, time and environmental impact considerations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is where the idea of a water refinery comes in</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Refineries for Cities</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Air currents move air (and the water contained in the air) to every place on Earth. Various forms of precipitation (like rain, snow, dew etc) then extract the water from the air and deposit it on land. Nature's invention is known as the Water Cycle.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The man-made facility that extracts moisture from air is a water refinery. With such a refinery available, there will be less dependence on the historical infrastructure that includes pipelines, aqueducts, canals, to name a few. This indigenous water supply, from a virtually limitless source, is the most likely way for cities to meet the water needs of its inhabitants.</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-22372405338451177062014-04-19T22:50:00.000-07:002014-05-01T23:18:12.191-07:00How Much Water is Enough Water?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zi-w7XKmyTw/U2Mx6JVeaTI/AAAAAAAACV8/Yq3NGOqAMes/s1600/cooking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zi-w7XKmyTw/U2Mx6JVeaTI/AAAAAAAACV8/Yq3NGOqAMes/s1600/cooking.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water for Cooking<br />Source - ecowatercalgary.ca</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We need water for many reasons:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-43uNyzDGLp4/U2Mwqp5ebJI/AAAAAAAACVs/HEiM4CMBuOw/s1600/drinking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-43uNyzDGLp4/U2Mwqp5ebJI/AAAAAAAACVs/HEiM4CMBuOw/s1600/drinking.jpg" height="120" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water for Drinking<br />Source - the guardian.com</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pvO6xb4J5Es/U2MxFmirNHI/AAAAAAAACV0/b05qxeSZPvs/s1600/bathing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pvO6xb4J5Es/U2MxFmirNHI/AAAAAAAACV0/b05qxeSZPvs/s1600/bathing.jpg" height="140" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Bathing and Sanitation<br />Source - depositphotos.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How much for drinking? How long must a showers be? How much is needed to cook meals? </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1cgRH63p3I/U2MywO-XUQI/AAAAAAAACWM/VV5fHjWXyu4/s1600/watering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1cgRH63p3I/U2MywO-XUQI/AAAAAAAACWM/VV5fHjWXyu4/s1600/watering.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water for Food<br />Source - houselogic.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How much for growing things? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Minimum Amount</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The consensus amount is 20 liters (5 gallons) of safe drinking water per person per day. This amount is the minimum felt necessary but does not meet the criteria of being sufficient.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Over 850 million people around the world, mostly in 27 developing countries, do not get even this much safe water. Their average is about 5 liters per person per day.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-14020528349098920062014-04-12T23:38:00.000-07:002014-05-01T23:51:21.939-07:00How Much Does Water Cost Around the World?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water prices differ in cities all over the world:</span><br />
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<b>Legend</b><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Yellow </span>Water + Wastewater Fixed Cost<br />
<span style="background-color: #990000;"><span style="color: white;">Maroon </span></span>Water Variable Cost<br />
<span style="background-color: #e69138;">Orange </span>Wastewater Variable Cost<br />
<span style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: white;">Green </span></span>Sales Tax<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OTM9ZsmE2ik/U2M7WdgnQ9I/AAAAAAAACWY/GkiTtz0xM5g/s1600/watercost.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OTM9ZsmE2ik/U2M7WdgnQ9I/AAAAAAAACWY/GkiTtz0xM5g/s1600/watercost.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Water Prices Around the World<br />Source - globalwaterintel.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Prices in selected <u>developed </u>countries:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 312px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 248px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Country</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dollars per M<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;">3</span></strong></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Germany</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.91</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Denmark</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.64</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belgium</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.54</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Netherlands</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.25</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">France</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.23</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">UK and Northern Ireland</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$1.18</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Italy</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.76</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Finland</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.69</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ireland</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.63</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sweden</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.58</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.57</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">USA</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.51</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Australia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.50</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">South Africa</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.47</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">Canada</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">$0.40</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Source - everylittledrop.com</span></div>
</div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-43390897859025336442014-04-05T23:53:00.000-07:002014-05-01T23:57:20.997-07:00Country Water Footprint<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Source: http://everylittledrop.com.au/our-global-water-footprint</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The water footprint of a nation refers to the total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the nation. The total water footprint of a country includes two components: the part of the footprint that falls inside the country (internal water footprint) and the part of the footprint that presses on other countries in the world (external water footprint).</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The following table compares the national water footprints of various countries:</div>
<table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Country</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Average water footprint</strong></div>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">m3 / capita / year</strong></div>
</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Part of footprint falling outside </strong></div>
<span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">of the country</strong></div>
</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">USA</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">2483</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">19%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Greece</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">2389</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">35%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">2325</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">36%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">France</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1875</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">37%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Australia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1393</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">18%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Brazil</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1381</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">8%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">UK</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1245</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">70%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">GLOBAL AVERAGE</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1243</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #3366ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Japan</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1153</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">64%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">India</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">980</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">2%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">South Africa</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">931</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">22%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Bangladesh</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">896</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">3%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Haiti</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">848</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">China</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">702</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">7%</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Ethiopia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">675</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-50164277424972209192014-03-22T12:38:00.000-07:002014-03-23T20:51:52.634-07:002014 World Water Day - Why & Because!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Tzcxb1Wz53k/Uy84g9sOOrI/AAAAAAAACTw/UD9JRMRVXZk/s1600/2014+water+day.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Tzcxb1Wz53k/Uy84g9sOOrI/AAAAAAAACTw/UD9JRMRVXZk/s1600/2014+water+day.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - unwater.org</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>March 22 2014</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">is World Water Day simply because not everyone in the world has enough ready and unfettered access to safe water 365/24.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Ones Without Access to Safe Water</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nearly 800 million people do not have easy access to safe water</span><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Approximately, One out of every 9 people on the planet, do not have easy access to safe water</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #585832; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.499038696289063px;"></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #585832; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.499038696289063px;">
<li>Half the rural population in 27 developing countries, most of them in Asia and Africa, does not have easy and convenient access to safe water</li>
</span></ul>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #585832; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.499038696289063px;">Approximately 3.5 billion people are projected to suffer from limitations of access to safe water</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On average, it takes an individual (usually a woman, a young girl or a child) 6 hours to fetch minimal amounts of necessary safe water. This time could be put to better use, under certain circumstances, if these individuals did not need to spend this time on fetching safe water, e.g.: </span></li>
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global food production could increase by about 25%</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Children could spend over 400 million more hours in a school</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #585832; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.499038696289063px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #585832; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19.499038696289063px;">... ... ... ...</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Ones who End Up Using Unsafe Water</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unsafe water is responsible for disease and death:</span><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As many as 1.5 million deaths (mostly children) result from unsafe water. This is approximately 1 person (child) dying every 20 seconds</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Untold resources are used to save from illnesses caused by dirty water </span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Ones Who Do Not Have Adequate Sanitation</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roughly 2.5 billion people suffer from lack of sanitation</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Demand</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Demand for safe water is expected to increase from current levels by 44% by 2050 for production of electricity, agriculture, domestic use and industrial manufacturing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The problem is well known; The remedy does not exist!</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-10068764001549975232014-03-01T22:13:00.000-08:002014-03-16T22:18:53.149-07:00How Much Water Can We Get From The Air We Breathe?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first question I am asked is about whether there really is water present in the air that surrounds us and the air we breathe. The second question is about how much water might be in the air around us. Here are some examples of extracting water from the air using the process we call condensation:<br /><br /><b>Billboard in Lima</b>: Produces about 100 liters per day</span>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/FWwii1dX4v8" width="640"></iframe>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>Atmospheric Water Generators</b>: At least 10 gallons a day<br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Cities Suffering from Scarcity</b>:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kyp8gnbBAs4/UxwGQatgvTI/AAAAAAAACQ8/BJodTxvVu2Q/s1600/Wahlgreen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kyp8gnbBAs4/UxwGQatgvTI/AAAAAAAACQ8/BJodTxvVu2Q/s1600/Wahlgreen.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is simply a lot of water vapor in the air that surrounds us and that we breathe! Now, if only we could find a way to <span style="background-color: cyan;">make it possible for people everywhere to ingenuously satisfy their local safe water needs</span>!<br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-86769331267299520202014-02-22T16:47:00.000-08:002014-03-15T16:51:20.338-07:00The Many Images Of Water Scarcity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Collecting Water</b></span><div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A primary face of scarcity is that of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">manually </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">collecting water.</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KbXscJlVUDs/UyTZy84Xx_I/AAAAAAAACRo/k0s6mruWd8k/s1600/scarcity3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KbXscJlVUDs/UyTZy84Xx_I/AAAAAAAACRo/k0s6mruWd8k/s1600/scarcity3.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - thewaterproject.org</span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7IhPYP_pJNQ/UyTcWC3rdbI/AAAAAAAACRw/EH2Ri1w92V4/s1600/scarcity4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7IhPYP_pJNQ/UyTcWC3rdbI/AAAAAAAACRw/EH2Ri1w92V4/s1600/scarcity4.jpg" height="200" width="199" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - peakwater.org</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_-xXUuYh-Gs/UyH71nLpW-I/AAAAAAAACRU/4QlzyknG77k/s1600/scarcity2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_-xXUuYh-Gs/UyH71nLpW-I/AAAAAAAACRU/4QlzyknG77k/s1600/scarcity2.jpg" height="178" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - rainharvest.co.za</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3-KnaYcaayQ/UyTdbtajbmI/AAAAAAAACR8/PkavTptUeLY/s1600/scarcity5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3-KnaYcaayQ/UyTdbtajbmI/AAAAAAAACR8/PkavTptUeLY/s1600/scarcity5.jpg" height="131" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - meerkat21.wordpress.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Implicit in these images is the scare of water being unclean i.e. contaminated in some horrible way - the implication being sickness, illness and disease that will hit the people drinking this water.</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Collection Takes Effort</b></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IBK9EisLaFU/UyTe9_CTHJI/AAAAAAAACSI/G-dg9IfgHQg/s1600/scarcity6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IBK9EisLaFU/UyTe9_CTHJI/AAAAAAAACSI/G-dg9IfgHQg/s1600/scarcity6.jpg" height="128" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - watertanksystem.blogspot.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">other set of images mainly show <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3kvcE5VHLWA/UyTffy1NCMI/AAAAAAAACSQ/wPV4-jDFybg/s1600/scarcity7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3kvcE5VHLWA/UyTffy1NCMI/AAAAAAAACSQ/wPV4-jDFybg/s1600/scarcity7.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - mx.noticias.yahoo.com</span></td></tr>
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the effort being required and being spent in the collection of water <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lx7Zw2_ffY8/UyTgTL6EMBI/AAAAAAAACSc/i9akcbeC6r8/s1600/scarcity8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lx7Zw2_ffY8/UyTgTL6EMBI/AAAAAAAACSc/i9akcbeC6r8/s1600/scarcity8.jpg" height="121" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - geographyblog.eu</span></td></tr>
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which, hopefully, is safe for drinking </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">e.g. walking long distances; a community-intensive task, a one-man unbelievable option, etc.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Too Many People At The Same Source</b></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UT1otZLvIOc/UyTh-dYJJEI/AAAAAAAACSo/TuMQi7a52sc/s1600/scarcity9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UT1otZLvIOc/UyTh-dYJJEI/AAAAAAAACSo/TuMQi7a52sc/s1600/scarcity9.jpg" height="136" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - australianrain.blogspot.com</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iXFwvHiukR8/UyTic9x-dMI/AAAAAAAACSw/_RJbMs-ovaM/s1600/scarcity10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iXFwvHiukR8/UyTic9x-dMI/AAAAAAAACSw/_RJbMs-ovaM/s1600/scarcity10.jpg" height="162" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scource - worldpulse.com</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rDgXP8NJAQI/UyTjD2J8QgI/AAAAAAAACS4/6-Oa5X1l4mc/s1600/scarcity11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rDgXP8NJAQI/UyTjD2J8QgI/AAAAAAAACS4/6-Oa5X1l4mc/s1600/scarcity11.jpg" height="113" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source - newindianexpress.com</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Images that show very large number of people involved in gathering water for a singe source imply scarcity e.g. a multitude of people encircling a single source (a well or tanker) of water, or a long line of people, each waiting for her/his turn to fill up a container with water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Empty Water Sources</b></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kx1GqTrftGU/UyTklahRHcI/AAAAAAAACTE/Dg4WQRJsdu0/s1600/scarcity12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kx1GqTrftGU/UyTklahRHcI/AAAAAAAACTE/Dg4WQRJsdu0/s1600/scarcity12.jpg" height="129" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - balramranasingh.blogspot.com</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M9qq7HL0dnc/UyTlT9l2hqI/AAAAAAAACTM/d0UPZDsL1SI/s1600/scarcity13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M9qq7HL0dnc/UyTlT9l2hqI/AAAAAAAACTM/d0UPZDsL1SI/s1600/scarcity13.jpg" height="112" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - rttc.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Low levels of water in water reservoirs or empty containers imply scarcity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Parched Landscapes</b></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xuxZ8S33PBg/UyH7f2LJc_I/AAAAAAAACRM/S05Av1zbjDY/s1600/scarcity+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xuxZ8S33PBg/UyH7f2LJc_I/AAAAAAAACRM/S05Av1zbjDY/s1600/scarcity+1.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - worldwildlife.org</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nak6IrbkKBg/UyTmLdq43AI/AAAAAAAACTY/MbNV9bbE0Ag/s1600/scarcity14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nak6IrbkKBg/UyTmLdq43AI/AAAAAAAACTY/MbNV9bbE0Ag/s1600/scarcity14.jpg" height="155" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - insideclimatenews.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Land that shows the signs of having dried up and becoming cracked.</span></div>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-31599952381977233302014-02-15T22:03:00.000-08:002014-03-04T08:51:14.937-08:00Rivers of Freshwater in the air = The Water Internet for Everyone Everywhere?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Latest research by NOAA is clearly revealing that there are Rivers in the atmosphere in numbers and sizes, much like the rivers on land masses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Rivers in the sky</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jkfIejmU7ZE/UxVtW49h80I/AAAAAAAACQM/xjUj3yrgURw/s1600/atmospheric-rivers2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jkfIejmU7ZE/UxVtW49h80I/AAAAAAAACQM/xjUj3yrgURw/s1600/atmospheric-rivers2.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">River that caused Flooding on 16 Feb, 2004<br />Source - noaanews.noaa.gov</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rivers, whether in the sky or on a land ground mass, produce the same results:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- t</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">hey cause floods</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- they physically change their location over time</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- the flow in them varies</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- they contain safe drinking water (aka freshwater)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Differences between these rivers are significant:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- We cannot pollute rivers in the sky</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- We don't currently know how to dam the rivers in the sky, but are learning how to extract freshwater from the sky rivers on a piecemeal basis.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WN0fkSuNHg8/UxVvrJVUjeI/AAAAAAAACQg/i3MTxxKBY8g/s1600/atmosphericriver3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WN0fkSuNHg8/UxVvrJVUjeI/AAAAAAAACQg/i3MTxxKBY8g/s1600/atmosphericriver3.jpg" height="265" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">River causing flood in UK in 2009<br />Source - newscientist.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Rivers on ground hold, carry and deliver </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">liquid</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water, while rivers in the atmosphere transport </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">vapor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Global Rivers in the Air</b></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UugnAJlej_w/UxVy8zluZHI/AAAAAAAACQs/RWi8xrqoTOw/s1600/atmospheric+river4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UugnAJlej_w/UxVy8zluZHI/AAAAAAAACQs/RWi8xrqoTOw/s1600/atmospheric+river4.jpg" height="145" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Two Major Flows of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Vapor </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">in the Air</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - baynature.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Air currents flow, generally speaking, on very standard and predictable paths.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The questions of our day: How can we extract the water vapor that the rivers in the air carry everywhere and hold in some places while discharging in others? Can we make the water laden atmosphere for our local water needs everywhere, what the wireless Internet has become for global communications?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now, that's a goal worthy of us, in this 21st century!</span><br />
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-24344426624705552332014-02-08T10:20:00.000-08:002014-03-03T15:09:21.990-08:00A 2-Tablespoon Freshwater Tap every 12 feet!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Seeing <b>IS </b>Believing except when the subject is freshwater</i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We usually conclude that there is no water when we cannot spot any where we are looking.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water in Air Is nearly all in Vapor Form</b></span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sKqxwO9yfxo/UxS2rZS568I/AAAAAAAACPk/QSl7-aU3tJw/s1600/cloud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sKqxwO9yfxo/UxS2rZS568I/AAAAAAAACPk/QSl7-aU3tJw/s1600/cloud.jpg" height="94" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The moisture in the air is essentially in vapor form and our naked eyes cannot see any gas or vapor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Clouds are visible to us because of the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">liquid</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water droplets that are dispersed in the air that makes up the cloud.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fog is another example of us being able to see the moisture in air because some of this water exists in liquid form.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>An Air-Moisture Map</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wbGmJZ0FzDo/UxSmnSxtf2I/AAAAAAAACPU/s0lWnTqtfeI/s1600/vapourdensity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wbGmJZ0FzDo/UxSmnSxtf2I/AAAAAAAACPU/s0lWnTqtfeI/s1600/vapourdensity.jpg" height="331" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Vapor in the Air Around Us<br />Source - wateronline.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NOAA/ESPL have mapped the moisture in the air we breathe i.e. in the air at sea level.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The average water content of this air - the air all around us and the air we breathe - varies from a low of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">approx</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2.4 grams per cubic meter to a high of approx. 24 grams per cubic meter. The maximum amount can even exceed 26 grams per cubic meter but this concentration exists in only a very few places.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Amounts in Air</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3G0l0Askp5U/UxS93mUwFEI/AAAAAAAACP0/cZo-SIOz3mI/s1600/tablespoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3G0l0Askp5U/UxS93mUwFEI/AAAAAAAACP0/cZo-SIOz3mI/s1600/tablespoon.jpg" height="120" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Tablespoon of water<br />Source - theguardian.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Using the conversion (</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1 cubic centimeter (cc) of water weighs 1 gram) </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the moisture in 1 cubic meter of air varies from approx one-sixth of a tablespoon to over One-and-a-half tablespoons.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus, approx. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16 cubic meters (565 cubic feet) </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of air</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">contain a cup (16 teaspoons) of water. Or, the air in an average sized room 8.5 feet high, 12 feet wide and 12 feet long contains a bit more than 2 tablespoons of safe water! </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>All that remains to be accomplished is to capture this water for local use. Isn't this a challenge worth overcoming?</i></b></span><br />
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-34889969500375361442014-02-01T10:36:00.000-08:002014-02-28T11:55:37.474-08:00Why FreshWater? Because Our Body Cannot Store Water!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yfS8BWh-lvA/UxDWuDhps3I/AAAAAAAACOY/ppaUedp5Dgo/s1600/drinking+water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yfS8BWh-lvA/UxDWuDhps3I/AAAAAAAACOY/ppaUedp5Dgo/s1600/drinking+water.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">We simply must drink water and water alone<br />Source - wrd.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We all know so well the unique feeling of satisfaction that overwhelms us after drinking a glass that contains only water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This need to drink 'only</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> water' is a need that is not completely met by the water our body successfully extracts from any other source, even each breath we take or from every food we eat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Homeostasis - Water as Carrier</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Homeostasis is our name for the balance that the human body must maintain (within a fairly narrow range) of many resources - </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">nutrients, minerals and a long list of chemical compounds, including </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water - for each cell in our body to function as it is supposed to.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zdTi_TIH7S0/UxDWF_rHlAI/AAAAAAAACOQ/OuBDQT4o_Ek/s1600/homeostasis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zdTi_TIH7S0/UxDWF_rHlAI/AAAAAAAACOQ/OuBDQT4o_Ek/s1600/homeostasis.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Homeostasis<br />Source - bbc.co.uk</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anything we do, even breathe a single breath changes the balance of one or more of these resources in the body.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Restoring the balance by redistributing available supplies of the resource in the body, is the job of our organs and bloodstream.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The transportation vehicle for redistributing the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">unbalanced</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">resource falls on water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The water in our body in, thus, simply in continuous motion. Maybe, that's why our body consists (around 65%) of water!<br /><b>Water Storage in Living Bodies</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5bsXtnhppW0/UxDb1xXUPjI/AAAAAAAACO0/GIJL2FneDK8/s1600/camel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5bsXtnhppW0/UxDb1xXUPjI/AAAAAAAACO0/GIJL2FneDK8/s1600/camel.jpg" height="112" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Camel: S<i>hip of the desert</i><br />Source - npr.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It has been incorrectly assumed that camels have humps because the humps store water supplies. In fact, the humps contain fat and no unusual deposits of just water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The camel has the ability to drink water in huge amounts (30 liters in 15 minutes, by some estimates) and the ability to increase the water circulating in its bloodstream and the ability to hold water for a longer time than humans can, in their stomachs. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m6oziv04IPI/UxDeGWlKUSI/AAAAAAAACPE/2fw5QShuEOk/s1600/birddistance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m6oziv04IPI/UxDeGWlKUSI/AAAAAAAACPE/2fw5QShuEOk/s1600/birddistance.jpg" height="200" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Birds fly long distances without drinking</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - telegraph.co.uk </span></td></tr>
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A camel's homeostasis system allows a lot more time, than in a human, to excrete excess water from the camel's body.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many birds migrate regularly over very large distances and it was assumed that they had a unique ability to reduce their water replenishment need.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Recent research has shown, however, that a bird's need does not change by the distance it travels, but bird's have the ability to literally 'eat' their own organs by extracting the water contained in organs to meet their replenishment need.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Once they get a drink of just water, their organs grow back to a normal size.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DM15lWgy2yI/UxDbSB5RTuI/AAAAAAAACOo/rJTFT5D_TFE/s1600/bloodcells-normal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DM15lWgy2yI/UxDbSB5RTuI/AAAAAAAACOo/rJTFT5D_TFE/s1600/bloodcells-normal.jpg" height="196" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Healthy Blood Cells<br />Source - abpischools.org.uk</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Impact or </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water Scarcity</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">on Cells</span></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--MB5rBChMOo/UxDbb7FCgdI/AAAAAAAACOw/THM_Jd63fDI/s1600/bloodcells-knobbly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--MB5rBChMOo/UxDbb7FCgdI/AAAAAAAACOw/THM_Jd63fDI/s1600/bloodcells-knobbly.jpg" height="196" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Unhealthy Blood Cells<br />Source - abpischools.org.uk </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Our bloodstream contains a large amount of water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the water in the bloodstream reduces enough, each healthy blood cell starts leeching water to the bloodstream and starts functioning not as the body expects it to. Our health deteriorates.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Occasionally, the unbalance of water in our bodies gets to such an extent that the body prompts the sensation of "thirst" that we can only satisfy by drinking a glass, or more, containing only water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Relative Approximate Intakes of Water</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Source - http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au)</span><br />
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Infants 0–12 months – 0.8</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> liters per day</span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">children 1– 3 years – 1.0</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">children 4– 8 years – 1.2</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">girls 9–13 years – 1.4</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">girls 14–18 years – 1.6</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">boys 9–13 years – 1.6</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">boys 14–18 years – 1.9</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">women over 18 years – 2.1</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">men over 18 years – 2.6</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #11191c; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.001800537109375px;">liters per day</span></li>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-41283332276287259672014-01-25T09:28:00.000-08:002014-02-17T11:38:38.424-08:00 WHY WATER? Because Our "Living" Body Is A Water Machine!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The human body is, as are bodies of all "living" species, essentially a machine with one unique feature - water is one of the necessary ingredients that make up our bodies and water is necessary for our bodies to work properly.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>What's A Machine?</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bMGs4ixlzj8/UwJLW6SMFCI/AAAAAAAACM4/ewBv_MWYVbc/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bMGs4ixlzj8/UwJLW6SMFCI/AAAAAAAACM4/ewBv_MWYVbc/s1600/download.jpg" height="124" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - tophdcars.com</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k0zb-F9wbd4/UwJME52Xk9I/AAAAAAAACNA/2QFRvpE690Y/s1600/cell+phone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k0zb-F9wbd4/UwJME52Xk9I/AAAAAAAACNA/2QFRvpE690Y/s1600/cell+phone.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - t-mobile.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What comes to mind when we think of machines? Usually, a series of objects uniquely connected to each other that together accomplish a desired and useful task</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">e.g. a machine we call "car" produces movement in a specified direction and the machine we call "cell phone" transmits our voice all over the globe and captures only those voices that we want to hear. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The car and cell phone are just two examples of machines made by humans.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Resources for Artificial Machines</span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5QOuXc95siI/UwJTFF1EypI/AAAAAAAACNQ/KkVXHZNSlT0/s1600/gaspump.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5QOuXc95siI/UwJTFF1EypI/AAAAAAAACNQ/KkVXHZNSlT0/s1600/gaspump.jpg" height="125" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - telegraph.co.uk</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2pQs9IIW7g0/UwJVdyhPziI/AAAAAAAACNc/kTvwHfpHRB0/s1600/reddyKilowatt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2pQs9IIW7g0/UwJVdyhPziI/AAAAAAAACNc/kTvwHfpHRB0/s1600/reddyKilowatt.jpg" height="163" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Electricity Icon- Reddy Kilowatt<br />Source - creativepro.com</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Artificial machines, like the car and cell phone, require at least three natural resources:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- water is necessary to make each and every artificial machine</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- one natural resource (at a minimum) in its natural form or in an artificial form, makes up the physical body of every artificial machine</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- at least one other resource, that we call "fuel", is necessary for the machine to operate: The car requires gasoline (petrol) while cell phones require electricity. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All resources, except water, are typically used up (do not exist in their original form) after the artificial machine has completed the task it was designed to do.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water is used up only in the sense that it still exists in its original form but is contaminated in some way and can only be used again after the contamination is removed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Human Body - A Natural "living" Machine</b></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SRhDeLC652k/UwA7rdOnWOI/AAAAAAAACMk/ZwaKz2TYKgc/s1600/waterhuman.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SRhDeLC652k/UwA7rdOnWOI/AAAAAAAACMk/ZwaKz2TYKgc/s1600/waterhuman.gif" height="200" width="116" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">On average: 72% is water</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - dorchesterhealth.org</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Natural "Living" machines are exactly like artificial machines in three ways: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Both kinds of machines cannot exist in the absence of water: artificial machines require water in their manufacturing process, while the human embryo can only exist in an aqueous solution</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Both kinds of machines do not transform water, at its molecular level, while they use it</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Both kinds of machines do contaminate the water they use in some way to make used water unusable.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Natural "Living" machines differ from artificial machines in two ways:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Water continues to be a necessary ingredient that makes up physical bodies of natural "living" machines, but is not a necessary ingredient of artificial machine bodies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Water is a necessary ingredient for both natural Living" machines to function and properly do all the tasks that it is designed to do. Water is not a necessary resource for artificial machines to operate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Life as we know and define it, is not possible in the absence of water. This is the <span style="background-color: cyan;">first and fundamental reason why safe water must be locally available in abundant quantity</span>.</span></div>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-35758345527727209232014-01-18T09:10:00.000-08:002014-02-05T11:02:55.023-08:00Safe Water Delivery Using Artificial Porous Materials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We can have an endless, but not infinite, supply of safe drinking water if we could only extract the water in the air we breathe. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Wiping Air with a Sponge or an Eraser</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SrZfF8HoZ94/UvJ3wVGBrCI/AAAAAAAACMA/k7gbR9WztVY/s1600/eraser.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SrZfF8HoZ94/UvJ3wVGBrCI/AAAAAAAACMA/k7gbR9WztVY/s1600/eraser.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - redbookmag.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This extraction of water can be visualized as a gizmo that acts like a sponge or a chalkboard eraser when we move it in the air where we need to extract safe water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This gizmo would "clean" the air </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">around us </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of water molecules, with the same motion that we use to wipe a blackboard clean of chalk!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Later, once the gizmo fills up with extracted water, we could squeeze out (literally speaking) this water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Luckily, materials that may be very suitable for just such an action already exist.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>MOFs - Metal-Organic Frameworks</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-INC3aFIJIBU/UvJ885sSh5I/AAAAAAAACMQ/Te-zeHghPBM/s1600/MOF1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-INC3aFIJIBU/UvJ885sSh5I/AAAAAAAACMQ/Te-zeHghPBM/s1600/MOF1.jpg" height="175" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source - ucla.edu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKzt7bXmUxg/UvHWQJg4CwI/AAAAAAAACLk/N0O5TCSjJAM/s1600/molecular+sponge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKzt7bXmUxg/UvHWQJg4CwI/AAAAAAAACLk/N0O5TCSjJAM/s1600/molecular+sponge.jpg" height="147" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source - labroots.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MOFs are structures consisting of organic molecules and metal ions. The organic molecules hold metal ions in a 3-D grid pattern that is porous to another, a third, material.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The structures can have virtually any 3-D configuration - the configuration essentially depends upon the organic molecules and the metal ions that comprise the structure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As we may also expect, the combination of organic molecules and metal ions define what materials will be absorbed by a specific structure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cavity size, number of cavities and absorption rates can also all be controlled.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Absorption</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chemistry of organic molecules can, in the presence of moisture and under different ambient temperatures, get compromised but a list of water-stable combinations have been developed. The focus, however, has been on using MOFs for energy applications like hydrogen and other gas absorption, storage and release.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All that remains is to focus this research on water absorption, storage and release! </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A local supply of safe drinking water using a MOF that extracts moisture from the air we breathe can be a reality in our very near future!</span></div>
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-ZKzt7bXmUxg%2FUvHWQJg4CwI%2FAAAAAAAACLk%2FN0O5TCSjJAM%2Fs1600%2Fmolecular%2Bsponge.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZKzt7bXmUxg/UvHWQJg4CwI/AAAAAAAACLk/N0O5TCSjJAM/s1600/molecular+sponge.jpg" -->Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-38441601837379978692014-01-11T22:29:00.000-08:002014-01-29T11:04:51.887-08:00TOOOOO Clean Water is NOT Safe Water!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It may come as a surprise but we can clean water to the extent that it becomes unsafe for consumption by humans and many other living things! Maybe, this is why water that is clean to the extent of being pure water does not occur in nature!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Clean Water</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is no single hard specification for water that is "clean" for human use.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cURrj3m1UqU/Uuk-rGQWbjI/AAAAAAAACK4/IqC1syfBDeI/s1600/ingredients.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cURrj3m1UqU/Uuk-rGQWbjI/AAAAAAAACK4/IqC1syfBDeI/s1600/ingredients.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - ift.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water "clean for human consumption" contains more than only molecules of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It contains dissolved salts and minerals.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Our "clean water standards" recognize that water is a natural solvent and some of the dissolved minerals and materials not only don't harm the human body but, in reality, provide necessary </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">nutrients.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But we have the technologies that make it possible for us to remove all the many materials in water and end up with water that consists only of water molecules.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>End-Use Determines Water Cleanliness</b></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ptKqZcoBUYo/UulIzx8_ziI/AAAAAAAACLI/ggnk4SQ3BDg/s1600/medicine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ptKqZcoBUYo/UulIzx8_ziI/AAAAAAAACLI/ggnk4SQ3BDg/s1600/medicine.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - manufacturingchemist.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dissolved ingredients that can interact with artificial manufacturing and storage technologies can produce results we deem as negative.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example, medical and pharmacy needs require that "clean" water be free of agents that are toxic to artificially produced medicines and do not worsen diseases.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Manufacturing of specialty chemicals also requires that water be cleaned of certain ingredients that inhibit or accelerate the process in unacceptable ways.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Lone Water Molecules are "Hungry" Molecules</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K7NFhwo3FRc/UulJSGZ1BbI/AAAAAAAACLQ/GYEJBtVqD_U/s1600/chip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K7NFhwo3FRc/UulJSGZ1BbI/AAAAAAAACLQ/GYEJBtVqD_U/s1600/chip.jpg" height="142" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water molecules seem to have a natural tendency to behave as a solvent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water molecules do not naturally exist alone by themselves: they tend to absorb (i.e. dissolve) non-water molecules. Water's affinity to dissolve something makes water a universal solvent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This "hunger" of "totally clean" water can be toxic and also beneficial</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The toxic impact of "hungry water" is through its removal of materials necessary for human body chemistry if "hungry water" is consumed. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The beneficial impact has been harnessed to clean chips of "metals" and other materials that can inhibit chip performance.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Clean" water is thus a misnomer. Or at least confusing. "Just Clean Water" may probably be a better label for safe drinking water.</span><br />
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-39190474455112269222014-01-04T17:00:00.000-08:002014-01-26T17:07:05.751-08:00Water: The New Oil?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is a lot of press on the subject of Water becoming the New Oil. What does it mean for any resource to be named as the New Oil?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water, not at all like Oil?</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qwx2MMrAO2Y/UuWmyCHQUSI/AAAAAAAACKE/5SbH1yRHzbs/s1600/no+water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qwx2MMrAO2Y/UuWmyCHQUSI/AAAAAAAACKE/5SbH1yRHzbs/s1600/no+water.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - whatswrongwiththat.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water and oil are two very different liquids. The most significant differences:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Not much on the Earth, as we know it, could exist in the absence of water:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Nothing artificial would exist as everything man has produced requires water during the production process</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Not much of "life" - as we define it and know it - would exist in the absence of water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Even the attributes of Earth that we label as "natural" would cease to exist e.g. the Grand Canyon would be missing as there would be no river to carve it out. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There would, of course, be an Earth, but it could resemble, or not, any of the other bodies (e.g. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">planets and asteroids) </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">that make-up the universe. Oil deposits would, of course, still exist on many bodies making-up the universe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. All cultures recognize the significance of water to human and other forms of life and, thus, water is a sacred political and, social issue that everyone everywhere is intimately familiar with. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oil, on the other hand, simply has no such cultural or social implications other than those that economics and lifestyle assigns to it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">We can do without oil but not without water</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>So, Why the Press?</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F9Vh77LBL0A/UuWqb-tqHZI/AAAAAAAACKQ/bKHnI7yUfOY/s1600/parched+land.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F9Vh77LBL0A/UuWqb-tqHZI/AAAAAAAACKQ/bKHnI7yUfOY/s1600/parched+land.jpg" height="127" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Parched land<br />Souce - gg2.net</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uinNFCvZ7c4/UuWq4uQX8ZI/AAAAAAAACKY/AYT2vVj1GG4/s1600/dry+lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uinNFCvZ7c4/UuWq4uQX8ZI/AAAAAAAACKY/AYT2vVj1GG4/s1600/dry+lake.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Dry Lake<br />Source - citydictionary.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water suppliers and ordinary people are concerned about the reducing quantities of water in the sources that we historically have used for supplies. Images of half dry lakes, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">polluted </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sources</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">water </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, etc. worsen this perception which, in any case, is an incorrect perception. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--HCLwHo6rE0/UuWt4wQ9YuI/AAAAAAAACKk/_38pH-pmnGI/s1600/milk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--HCLwHo6rE0/UuWt4wQ9YuI/AAAAAAAACKk/_38pH-pmnGI/s1600/milk.jpg" height="173" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Milk Cartons<br />Source - acrolabels.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To understand why the perception is incorrect, let's take a look at what happens when we run out,for example, of milk, or bread or any other commodity. When we find that we are running low or out, we simply get some more from the grocery store that we typically shop at. If this store has none we find another that has some in stock.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This decision to look for new sources is not a new one for us. Strong evidence points to the fact that water scarcity (or search for new water sources) was a primary motivation behind human migration out of Africa. The aqueducts that the Romans built were engineering marvels of their time that became real only because Roman cities needed the water. Examples of ways to transport water to places where people choose to live are everywhere.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water, the new Oil!</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The call "water, the new oil, is simply a call to "<span style="background-color: cyan;">find new sources</span>". It is no different than what we think or ask someone else to do when we need milk: "get milk" or "Can you bring some milk?"</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-3950448244305377732013-12-28T13:09:00.003-08:002013-12-28T13:14:50.208-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt;"><i>Season’s Greetings</i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt;"><i> & </i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: 20pt;">The Very Best of Wishes</span></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;"><i> To You and Yours </i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;"><i>For a Blissful and Serene</i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;"><i> Twenty-Fourteen</i></span></b><b><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;"><i>!</i></span></b></span></span></div>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-58980677180297539362013-11-30T18:04:00.000-08:002013-12-09T18:27:54.580-08:00Why is Steam White?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ever wonder why you cannot see the water vapor in the air around us?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water in Vapor form</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P-O7PwgKH6Q/UqZzUOLZhcI/AAAAAAAACJE/YgN2QcJ-Pls/s1600/watermoleculechain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P-O7PwgKH6Q/UqZzUOLZhcI/AAAAAAAACJE/YgN2QcJ-Pls/s1600/watermoleculechain.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - scienceprojectideasforkind.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water molecules when in </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">vapor</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> form </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">are transparent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">That's one reason why we cannot see the moisture in the air.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another, of course, is the tiny size of water molecules, so tiny that our eyes cannot make them out or the loose chains that they form.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yet another, is that the vapor molecules are randomly arranged and so present no discernible shape to the human eye.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Molecules in Liquid Form</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-awzOL7IzPMU/UqZDc3TL3uI/AAAAAAAACI0/uxAzQbHoR_I/s1600/steamkettle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-awzOL7IzPMU/UqZDc3TL3uI/AAAAAAAACI0/uxAzQbHoR_I/s1600/steamkettle.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - crazykitcheninventions.co.uk</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steam is essentially a lot of liquid water molecules suspended in a mixture of air and water vapor molecules.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As light rays that hit these randomly arranged liquid water molecules is a mixture of all colors (i.e. white light), the light exiting from the many liquid molecules appears as white - the color we attribute to steam.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If a different color light, say, <span style="color: red;"><b>red </b></span>were to be falling on steam, the steam would appear to be <span style="color: red;"><b>red </b></span>in color.</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-17854787915210591982013-11-02T11:23:00.000-07:002013-11-05T11:46:29.658-08:00Definitions Matter for Water Scarcity to be Seen as a REAL Issue? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Everyone sees every problem from their own perspective - a perspective built from mostly their understanding, experience and interests. And when many definitions exist, the probability of getting a consensus decreases. Maybe, this lack of a common definition is the cause of lackluster progress against water insecurity!</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Different Ways to define Water Scarcity</b></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PtvsmmJ-SdE/UnlDBiGCAcI/AAAAAAAACGI/rz7H0AZCTZw/s1600/Different+Measures.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PtvsmmJ-SdE/UnlDBiGCAcI/AAAAAAAACGI/rz7H0AZCTZw/s1600/Different+Measures.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Which Regions are Under Stress" has many answers!<br />Source: globalwaterforum.org</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Why a consensus is necessary and matters is clearly seen in the result of applying differing (the following of many others) indexes to West Africa and Europe!</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As the different colors clearly indicate, different approaches - to describe water insecurity- do lead to different conclusions and, thus, different actions will be deemed necessary to alleviate this insecurity.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water security: for Who?</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bx8abcAsoY/Unk5nC_ZJYI/AAAAAAAACF4/VgumXqHbCC8/s1600/who.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="128" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bx8abcAsoY/Unk5nC_ZJYI/AAAAAAAACF4/VgumXqHbCC8/s200/who.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - oxforddictionaries.com</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whose insecurity is to be eradicated is complicated by the following kinds of competing interests:</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Do the needs of people override the needs of the environment? Or must both go hand-in-hand?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Does the need of industry override the needs of agriculture?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When must human migration be the preferred option over staying put?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How do the needs of different human settlements sharing water resource sources get balanced?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... ... ... </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... ... ...</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Stress Index</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The regional adequacy of natural sources of water for the "population residing in the region" is measured for each person:</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">> 1700 cubic meters per person per year signifies NO Stress</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">< 1700 cubic meters per person per year signifies a population experiencing stress from inadequate water supplies</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><1000 cubic meters per person per year signifies a population experiencing water scarcity</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">< 500 cubic meters per person per year signifies a population under dire scarcity</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These Water Stress definitions lead to some interesting conclusions depending upon the geographical definition of "Region", e.g.:</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the "region" is the Whole Planet, then there is NO Stress</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the "region" is a Continent, there is NO Stress</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the "region" is a country, there may or may not exist enough stress worthy of remediation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... ...</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Virtually every scenario we can dream up can be identified through the application of the numerical criteria underlying the definition of Water Stress!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Demand-vs.-Supply Index</b></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In recognition of the fact that different people use different quantities of water, this index looks at regional water insecurity as defined through unmet need e.g.:</span></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If water demand is <20% of the supply, the region has NO scarcity</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If water demand is 20-40% of supply, the region is deemed water scarce</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If water demand is >40% of supply, the region is deemed to be under severe scarcity</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Usually applied at the country level, this index can be adapted to anyone's interests by including man-made water sources, by emphasizing recycling and a number of other actions.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Infrastructure Index</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Having water resources but not being able to get our hands on </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the water is the perspective behind this index. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Water Poverty Index</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This approach factors in prosperity of the population in a selected region. As the definition of prosperity varies widely, this index is extremely complex and thus easily manipulated to support the interests of individuals preferring to use this Index.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>We surely need a way to build consensus!!</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Source: </b><a href="http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/05/07/understanding-water-scarcity-definitions-and-measurements/">http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/05/07/understanding-water-scarcity-definitions-and-measurements/</a></span></div>
</div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-10147828561077988852013-10-26T11:51:00.000-07:002013-10-30T12:05:48.527-07:00Rising Air Delivers Precipitation!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Precipitation of moisture in the air is the primary way that new safe water is delivered everywhere. Nearly all of this precipitation happens naturally as part of what we call the Water Cycle. If we could raise air artificially or manually, we could deliver safe water anywhere!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Air Circulation</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UOCQd5pdg4c/UnFIIEjPkgI/AAAAAAAACEc/35_abzsulDo/s1600/rising+air+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UOCQd5pdg4c/UnFIIEjPkgI/AAAAAAAACEc/35_abzsulDo/s320/rising+air+map.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Rising and descending air<br />Source - adapaonline.org</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Large-scale rising and dropping air is a characteristic of the atmosphere. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The location of both rising and descending air vary by location (by latitude and longitude) and by season (as the axis of the earth changes relatively to the sun as the Earth rotates around the sun.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The wettest areas are seen in the areas where air is 'naturally' rising i.e. at </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the equator and the mid-latitudes 40-60 degrees North and South.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The driest areas are seen where air is naturally descending: 20-30 degree North and South latitudes and around the poles.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Drivers of Rising and Falling air</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a01dTDEIH7Q/UnFL0ZPdMgI/AAAAAAAACEo/ZGqIwvMcr38/s1600/air+circulation+causes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a01dTDEIH7Q/UnFL0ZPdMgI/AAAAAAAACEo/ZGqIwvMcr38/s400/air+circulation+causes.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Causes of Rising and Falling air<br />Source - cmmap.org</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The primary causes of air circulation are surface heating, terrain changes, convergence of air masses. There is more rainfall on higher elevations of mountains and as weather patterns create turbulence in the atmosphere.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The rising and falling air moves northwards or southwards by season i.e. how the earth is oriented relative to the sun.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Like mountains, the presence of large bodies of water also influences incidence and rates of precipitation.</span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adiabatic Cooling</b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FmeDemM4mV8/UnFTyMlXSaI/AAAAAAAACFM/fzVKR7W85hU/s1600/adiabatic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FmeDemM4mV8/UnFTyMlXSaI/AAAAAAAACFM/fzVKR7W85hU/s200/adiabatic.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - cmmap.org</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As air mass rise, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">pressure on the air mass </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">drops and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the air mass cools.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ_nqekw2m8/UnFOtcGhdAI/AAAAAAAACE0/tvpCqscefxA/s1600/rising+vapor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ_nqekw2m8/UnFOtcGhdAI/AAAAAAAACE0/tvpCqscefxA/s200/rising+vapor.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source -<span style="background-color: white;"> <a class="irc_hol irc_itl" data-ved="0CAQQjB0" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/upw.rxml" style="cursor: pointer; line-height: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu</span></a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iz46O0MlrZc/UnFPDyFGO8I/AAAAAAAACE8/J3BBi3EZy4Y/s1600/air+continues+to+rise.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="138" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iz46O0MlrZc/UnFPDyFGO8I/AAAAAAAACE8/J3BBi3EZy4Y/s200/air+continues+to+rise.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source -</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> <a class="irc_hol irc_itl" data-ved="0CAQQjB0" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/upw.rxml" style="cursor: pointer; line-height: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu</span></a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As rising continues, so does the cooling, till water vapor molecules condense and coalesce to form water droplets.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Intensity of precipitation increases as the depth of the rising air mass increases.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Is there any way for us to artificially raise large bodies of air that we know are full of water vapor?</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-69815822596588381912013-10-19T09:00:00.000-07:002013-10-19T09:00:03.739-07:00Fog Collection System in Cactus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many naturally-occurring Biological Structures have the ability to extract liquid water from air. The common cactus that lives and thrives in arid locations is quite drought tolerant because it can collect liquid water droplets contained in fog.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The <i>Opuntia Microdasys</i> Cactus</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-soK9Qgz0z3Q/UmHeldrDuJI/AAAAAAAACBQ/6F9ZykQIMgs/s1600/Cactus+Opuntia+microdasys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-soK9Qgz0z3Q/UmHeldrDuJI/AAAAAAAACBQ/6F9ZykQIMgs/s200/Cactus+Opuntia+microdasys.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source -<br />en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia microdasys</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj8JieIW9Jg/UmHpj-TJjvI/AAAAAAAACBg/XZZ2hz4d_z8/s1600/cactus+spine+clusters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="127" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj8JieIW9Jg/UmHpj-TJjvI/AAAAAAAACBg/XZZ2hz4d_z8/s200/cactus+spine+clusters.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Spine Clusters<br />Source - commons.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The surface skin of this species of cactus is covered with micro- and nano-scale structures. These consist of clusters of spines </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and appendages (called trichomes) that are </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">uniformly distributed all over the cactus' skin.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0HM5YTtUY14/UmH46ZlBemI/AAAAAAAACB4/Uy_Z5LPpnkc/s1600/Cactus+surface+structures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="306" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0HM5YTtUY14/UmH46ZlBemI/AAAAAAAACB4/Uy_Z5LPpnkc/s400/Cactus+surface+structures.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source - Article titled "</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.173;">A multi-structural and multi-functional integrated</span><br /><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.173;">fog collection system in cactus by </span></span></span>
<br />
<li class="vcard" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn"><span style="color: black;">Jie Ju</span></span></a><span class="comma">,</span> </li>
<li class="vcard" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn"><span style="color: black;">Hao Bai</span></span></a><span class="comma">,</span> </li>
<li class="vcard" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-3" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn"><span style="color: black;">Yongmei Zheng</span></span></a><span class="comma">,</span> </li>
<li class="vcard" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-4" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn"><span style="color: black;">Tianyi Zhao</span></span></a><span class="comma">,</span> </li>
<li class="vcard no-comma" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-5" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="fn"><span style="color: black;">Ruochen Fang</span></span></a> </li>
<li class="vcard last-author c1 no-comma" style="display: inline; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 23.90625px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">& <span class="fn"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a class="name" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n12/full/ncomms2253.html#auth-6" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">Lei Jian</span></a>g</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">nature communications Journal</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Study and analyses of cactus spines under an electronic microscope reveal the existence of wide and narrow grooves along the length of each spine and the existence of grooves and barbs on each trichome (figures on the left).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These specific designs are the reasons why cacti can extract water droplets from fog and do so with extreme efficiency.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Experiments in the laboratory have shown that the initial deposition of the water droplets in fog happen on the barbs on each spine and this water droplet falls down to the base of each spine while growing in size.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The trichome's job is to absorb the water arriving at the base of the spine. Thus, multiple spine clusters and trichomes working in close cooperation deliver water adequate for a cactus to thrive in very arid climates.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Two Underlying Science Phenomena</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The gradient of surface-free energy and the gradient of Laplace pressure are the two mechanisms that come into play when cacti harvest water droplets from fog.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ny6QPXchErs/UmIBH6rGwDI/AAAAAAAACCI/tS9_CW8jBiQ/s1600/surface-free+energy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ny6QPXchErs/UmIBH6rGwDI/AAAAAAAACCI/tS9_CW8jBiQ/s200/surface-free+energy.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h2>
<span style="font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Surface -free Energy</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Source - wikipedia.org</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Surface-Free Energy</b>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is the amount of free energy on a surface and this energy increases as the area of a surface increases.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Folds in surfaces, thus, increase surface free energy. For isotropic materials this energy is the same as surface tension.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The gradient is the direction in which surface-free energy increases: as the spine is conical in shape, the surface area closer to the bottom of the spine is greater than that closer to its tip. Thus a natural gradient exists forcing water droplets to move from the tip to the base of each spine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Laplace Pressure</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kbTuQ8BgraE/UmIDLNvv01I/AAAAAAAACCU/B21YJoNWtys/s1600/laplace+pressure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kbTuQ8BgraE/UmIDLNvv01I/AAAAAAAACCU/B21YJoNWtys/s1600/laplace+pressure.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Laplace Pressure<br />Source - hyperphysics. phy-astr.gsu.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Laplace pressure is the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of a surface.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As this difference gets greater, moisture droplets outside a surface get absorbed into the body through the surface.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is the phenomenon underlying the trichome's ability to absorb water droplets captured and delivered by the spines.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How can we replicate nature's phenomenon to capture water droplets contained in fog ingeniously everywhere on Earth? That's the task - development and deployment of artificial fog collectors - before humanity today!</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-4949023380133178112013-10-09T21:21:00.000-07:002013-10-21T21:29:51.755-07:00The First Building That Will Extract Water-From-Air<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-62213441414559251322013-10-05T14:46:00.000-07:002013-10-21T12:50:46.179-07:00Imagine the Common Laser Pointer Delivering Drinking Water!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Local precipitation of water vapor in the air to produce rain (when needed and in necessary amounts) would be a god-send to humanity. Most common approaches so far have been ways to "seed" condensation of the water vapor in the air. Recent research has, however, surfaced the possibility of using lasers to promote condensation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Traditional "Seeds" of Condensation</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nBkt52GAVyA/UmL1MCQbeoI/AAAAAAAACCk/Avz6-hYCyGk/s1600/dry+ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nBkt52GAVyA/UmL1MCQbeoI/AAAAAAAACCk/Avz6-hYCyGk/s1600/dry+ice.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Dry Ice<br />Source - en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j-wWBN0RWCc/UmL1rf66siI/AAAAAAAACCs/_Duh9Ovvrlk/s1600/silver+iodide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j-wWBN0RWCc/UmL1rf66siI/AAAAAAAACCs/_Duh9Ovvrlk/s200/silver+iodide.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Silver Iodide crystal<br />Source - en.wikipedia.org</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dispersing tiny particles of dry ice, silver iodide and other salts is the traditional approach to seeding clouds to encourage precipitation in the form of rain.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The efficiency of this approach is, however, a bone of serious contention because the success of this approach is never predictable to any level of acceptable confidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Laser Filaments</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3qw43Y4asHw/UmL_wsJBm2I/AAAAAAAACC4/Z39z5UzxbZA/s1600/laser+filament.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3qw43Y4asHw/UmL_wsJBm2I/AAAAAAAACC4/Z39z5UzxbZA/s200/laser+filament.jpg" width="195" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">A Laser Filament<br />Source - large.stanford.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A narrow column of plasma is known as a laser filament.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tQsKYORFwzA/UmMVmVtakhI/AAAAAAAACDQ/UxAouJ-_350/s1600/laser+filament2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="39" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tQsKYORFwzA/UmMVmVtakhI/AAAAAAAACDQ/UxAouJ-_350/s200/laser+filament2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">A Laser Filament</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - large.stanford.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A column of plasma forms when a laser pulse self-focuses and when its self-focused intensity is high enough to ionize the medium the pulse is traversing through. At this point in time and location, the column of medium is actually a column of plasma aka a laser filament.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As the energy required for continued ionization detracts from the pulse energy, the filament steadily dissipates over time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Air is as medium for laser beam propagation and, thus, for the formation of filaments.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Typical filaments are a few meters long but filaments with lengths in the hundreds of meters are not uncommon.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Inside a Laser Filament</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dOGtiqUmow0/UmME9WsqOiI/AAAAAAAACDE/15eDnQ80Fz8/s1600/hno3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dOGtiqUmow0/UmME9WsqOiI/AAAAAAAACDE/15eDnQ80Fz8/s200/hno3.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">HNO3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Source - ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The local chemical composition of the atmosphere appears to be altered by the existence of a laser filament.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In particular, at relative humidity levels higher than 70%, the HNO3 amounts inside a laser filament are found to be over 1,000 times the levels at which HNO3 is known to stabilize water droplets, increase their growth and increase their rate of growth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The most interesting finding from experiments is that this higher concentration outlives the laser filament by orders of magnitude i.e. the water-producing effects of increased concentration can continue to make water droplets larger for as long as 15-20 minutes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The eventual result: rain!</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-87062876750129136492013-09-07T09:41:00.000-07:002013-09-13T20:16:58.264-07:00Freeze Sea-Water to Convert it into Freshwater?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As sea water freezes, dissolved salt is excluded, and the resulting ice has much less salt in it compared to sea water. Repeated recycling between solid and liquid can eliminate virtually all the salt in sea water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Salt content of different waters</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No water is totally free of salt. Sea water has a typical </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">salinity</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3.5%.</span><br />
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<tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color: #99ffff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Water salinity based on dissolved salts</th></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #99ccff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b>Fresh water</b></th><th style="background-color: #99ccee; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brackish water">Brackish water</a></th><th style="background-color: #99ccdd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saline water">Saline water</a></th><th style="background-color: #99cccc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><strong class="selflink">Brine</strong></th></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #99ccff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">< 0.05%</th><th style="background-color: #99ccee; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">0.05% – 3%</th><th style="background-color: #99ccdd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3% – 5%</th><th style="background-color: #99cccc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">> 5%</th></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Crystal Structures</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ice and salt crystals have very different structures in solid form:</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zvQUmy9LEs0/UjN10HcnjmI/AAAAAAAACAQ/vEK74hPoZBA/s1600/ice+srytalline+structure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="144" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zvQUmy9LEs0/UjN10HcnjmI/AAAAAAAACAQ/vEK74hPoZBA/s200/ice+srytalline+structure.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Crystalline Structure of Ice<br />Source - ps.uci.edu</span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VyqVrXCUjTA/UjN2eB3p4iI/AAAAAAAACAY/urzMnw_QPkA/s1600/salt+crystal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VyqVrXCUjTA/UjN2eB3p4iI/AAAAAAAACAY/urzMnw_QPkA/s200/salt+crystal.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Crystalline structure of Salt<br />Source - webelements.com</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ice has a hexagonal (six-sided) structure while salt has a cubic (four-sided) structure. It is primarily due to this structural differences that salt and water separate during the freezing process.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>The Freezing Process</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As pockets of sea water start freezing, the </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">crystalline structure</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> of </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">frozen water begins to appear which pushes salt molecules away to produce water pockets rich in salt (aka brine solution). As the salt-free water freezes, the brine solution resists freezing because its high salt content has lowered its freezing temperature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">As ice freezing continues, this brine solution, essentially, leeches out from the water crystals leaving behind water whose salt content is much lower than that of sea water.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Freezing</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">speed, if fast enough, can trap some salt molecules inside ice crystals but these are gradually released as ice crystals reach for their steady state.</span></div>
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-32428185186078105372013-06-29T15:57:00.000-07:002013-07-03T17:00:30.208-07:00Is Any Place FREE from Potential Safe Water Risk?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water risks come in many forms and if "amount of safe water" is used as a measure, then too-much water (flood) is one extreme while too-little water (drought) is the other extreme. Other measures that define risk are quality, limitations imposed by nature or constraints imposed by a lack of water supply infrastructure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Flood Risk</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9DCE7BOV4-Y/UdRZXOx6jKI/AAAAAAAAB-Y/AEhUecUIbL4/s747/Water+Risk+Atlas+-+Flood+Occurrence.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9DCE7BOV4-Y/UdRZXOx6jKI/AAAAAAAAB-Y/AEhUecUIbL4/s400/Water+Risk+Atlas+-+Flood+Occurrence.jpg" width="386" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Risk - Flood Occurrence<br />Source - <a href="http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas">http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>World Resources Institute's</i> AQUEDUCT Project has mapped the occurrence of floods in the 1985-2011 period. Some interesting observations:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- The Eastern half of the US has experienced many floods; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Much of Western Australia has had to cope with floods; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floods seem to cover all of South Asia and the Middle East excluding countries that have predominantly desert landscapes; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mid and Eastern Africa have needed to cope with floods; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Areas free of foods include:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Mid and south-western US; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Much of Canada; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Northern regions of Russia and the Scandinavian states; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Southern tip of Africa; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Midsection of Australia; </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Drought Risk</b></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jItNQRcs8_I/UdRZ58FMVjI/AAAAAAAAB-s/bgXsk54IeWY/s320/Water+Risk+Atlas+-+Drought+Severity.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="309" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Risk - Drought Severity<br />Source - <a href="http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas">http://aqueduct.wri.org/atlas</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another map from the AQUEDUCT Project displays drought locations during the 1985-2011 time period. Some conclusions: Australia's midsection and west experience drought; The US west coast and western states are drought prone; Northern and southern Africa have experienced drought frequently; Canada's midsection will see drought as will north and northeastern Russia; The Scandinavian areas free from floods have seeen many droughts; etc</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Combining Risk of Flood and Drought</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A most interesting and ominous conclusion surfaces w</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">hen the two maps, flood history and drought history, are superimposed: there seem to be very very few areas where water, as drought or flood, does not pose a hazard to humanity and, also, nature:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Much of Australia, the US, Africa, Europe, Russia, the Middle East. Canada, etc have been prone to risks from water, either as drought or as flood.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Safe water is a worldwide issue! Very very few of us will not face some form of water insecurity in the near future. We are all in the same boat where safe water is concerned!</span><br />
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Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151509614418372274.post-3012249192794734332013-06-22T18:06:00.000-07:002013-06-23T20:35:56.725-07:00Water is a Renewable Resource because Air Exists!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Earth's atmosphere is key to the Earth's water cycle. Without the atmosphere, Nature's engine of delivery of a constant supply </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of water safe for drinking and irrigation </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">all over the world, could not exist or function as it does and has for a very very long time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Atmosphere</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U7kyTKb2Wsc/UcdK881JqiI/AAAAAAAAB88/HqibAbRwXfM/s1600/water+in+atmosphere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U7kyTKb2Wsc/UcdK881JqiI/AAAAAAAAB88/HqibAbRwXfM/s1600/water+in+atmosphere.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Water Exists in Atmosphere<br />Source - op.gfz-potsdam.edu</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All the water in the atmosphere is concentrated in the atmosphere near to and touching the ground.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is from this atmosphere that water precipitates in its many forms - rain, snow, hail etc - down to the ground, with assistance from a combination of forces that include gravity, temperature variations, variations in the content of particles and bacteria in the atmosphere, etc.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Without the atmosphere, water would not move around as smoothly as it does today. And, maybe, it's renewable ability would be at risk if the atmosphere disappears or reduces in volume.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>How much atmosphere is there?</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DIA_VgWixtM/UcdKgYdCVGI/AAAAAAAAB80/xpdlW2OOQ5Q/s1600/water+and+air+volume.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DIA_VgWixtM/UcdKgYdCVGI/AAAAAAAAB80/xpdlW2OOQ5Q/s1600/water+and+air+volume.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Total volume of atmosphere<br />and all Water (safe and unsafe)<br />Source - Science Photo Library</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Actually, not that much more than water!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If we represent the total volumes of water (1.4 billion cubic kilometers) and air as spheres:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- The water sphere would be 1,390 kilometers in diameter. Of course the safe water part of this sphere is miniscule.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- The air sphere would be 1,999 kilometers across.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Half of the air lies in the first 5 kilometers above ground level which contains 90% of the miniscule safe water in the atmosphere. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Running out of safe water</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The key question that arises on running out of safe water is: What is the probability that we might run out of air?</span></div>
Ajay Bhatlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01225904172741008098noreply@blogger.com0